The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome in children

Children's kidney disease is a topic for people, let me introduce you to the three children with nephrotic syndrome syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome according to the etiology and age can be divided into three categories:
1) congenital nephrotic syndrome.
(2) primary nephrotic syndrome.
(3) secondary nephrotic syndrome, such as secondary to allergic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), glomerulonephritis, drugs and metal poisoning, etc.
Children with primary nephrotic syndrome and in accordance with the clinical manifestations, the course of the disease process and laboratory tests are divided into two types, namely simple kidney disease and kidney nephritis sex.The latter in addition to the former in the above four clinical characteristics, but also has the following four of one or more of the exceptions.
(1) in the urine red blood cells, more than 10 / high power field of vision.
Qualitative hematic disease, (2) nitrogen plasma nonprotein nitrogen exceeds 35.7 tendency/l (500 mg/l), urea nitrogen, or more than 10.71 tendency/l (300 mg/l);4 blood total complement C3 or reduce again and again.Clinically, in order to see more simple, accounting for 68.4%;Nephritis sex (31.6%).
(3) a recurring hypertension (school-age children > 17.3/12.0 Kpa (130/90 MMHG), preschool children > 16.0/10.7 Kpa (120/80 MMHG).
Nephrotic syndrome is infantile period of urinary system diseases.Part of the children with nephrotic syndrome after onset illness repeatedly, illnesses out, seriously affects children's health.The disease has four features:
(1) a large amount of proteinuria, qualitative + + +, quantitative > 0.1 g/kg body weight/day.
(2) low serum albumin leels, serum albumin < 30 grams/liter.
3. Edema;5 hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia), serum cholesterol > 2.2 g/l.
Due to the urine protein excretion and the change of protein synthesis, make the body blood coagulation factor and coagulation factors out of balance, clotting factor Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅹ leels, the body's blood coagulation mechanism, platelet activity and thrombolysis process disorder.Therefore, nephrotic syndrome in children with blood in high coagulation state, belongs to high-risk pathological thrombosis.
With the urine protein may also have other various protein loss, will cause the corresponding results, such as vitamin D binding globulin (SHBG) lost, lead to vitamin D and calcium metabolism, vitamin D deficiency, affect the development of the children's bone.Thyroid binding globulin and albumin loss caused by thyroid dysfunction, will affect children to grow and develop.
Due to a large number of albumin in the blood with the urine, low serum albumin leels and blood pressure lowering, fluid moisture into the tissue clearance, occurrence oedema.Early in the morning after the eyelid edema, can then spread to the legs, back, abdomen, and even the whole body.Edema is one of the main clinical symptoms of nephrotic syndrome is characterized, often parents take children seek treatment.
Low serum albumin leels and blood volume reduction, edema caused in aldosterone renin angiotensin - axis were stimulated, cause water and salt retention.So that some patients have high blood pressure, oliguria, sinus tachycardia and other symptoms, especially in small lesions in patients with nephrotic syndrome.Therefore, the full attention must be paid for nephrotic syndrome with edema.Edema is a should treat symptoms and difficult to work.Its treatment measures including limit salt, diet control and diuretic drugs.Merger pleural effusion, ascites, affect the breathing and oliguria available furosemide, double hydrogen grams of urine, or use the spironolactone.Proteinuria can make all kinds of protein in plasma is missing, cause some metabolic disorders and function of the system, and even various complications occurred.Such as low serum albumin leels itself or with low inflation pressure can make the changes in the lipid metabolism, along with the lecithin, cholesterol acyl invertase from the eduction in urine, high cholesterol, which in turn make different kinds of lipoprotein ratio and activity change, easy to cause endothelial injury and glomerular function is impaired, become the hidden trouble of cardiovascular lesions.
Tiny type lesions in children with nephrotic syndrome prone to bacterial infection.The reason lies in the large number with the urine immunoglobulin immune defense function;Combined with edema, prone to skin damage, the pathogen to invade.Bacterial infections, with pneumococcus is given priority to, also have gram-negative bacillus (such as e. coli) infection.Common respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, skin erysipelas and primary peritonitis, etc.Also more sensitive to virus infection, especially in the process of the cortical hormone and immunosuppressive therapy, such as concurrent chicken pox, measles, herpes zoster, explain the disease is heavy.
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